The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in education while simultaneously exposing and exacerbating existing digital divides. This comprehensive study analyzes educational equity impacts across 18 countries, surveying 5,642 students, 1,289 teachers, and 423 administrators. We examined access to technology, internet connectivity, digital literacy, and academic outcomes during remote learning periods. Results reveal that students from low-income households scored 23% lower on standardized assessments compared to their pre-pandemic performance, while affluent students maintained or improved scores. The research identifies critical intervention points and provides policy recommendations for building resilient, equitable educational systems that can adapt to future disruptions.