This research explores the fundamental principles of quantum computing and its potential applications in modern cryptography. We investigate how quantum algorithms like Shor's algorithm could impact current RSA encryption methods and examine post-quantum cryptographic solutions. Through theoretical analysis and simulation using Qiskit, we demonstrate the vulnerability of classical encryption to quantum attacks and propose educational frameworks for understanding quantum cryptography at the high school level. Our findings suggest that quantum computing education should be integrated into computer science curricula to prepare students for the quantum era.