Urban agriculture through vertical farming presents promising solutions for sustainable food production in dense metropolitan areas. This engineering study optimizes vertical farming systems through systematic analysis of lighting spectra, nutrient delivery, climate control, and automation technologies. We constructed and tested 12 vertical growing systems across three climatic zones, cultivating lettuce, spinach, and herbs over six months. Advanced LED arrays reduced energy consumption by 44% while increasing yields by 67% compared to traditional hydroponic systems. Water usage decreased by 89% and pesticide requirements were eliminated. Economic modeling indicates profitability thresholds at 15-story installations, making vertical farming viable for urban food security.